How South Asian Nations Are Building Stronger Anticipatory Action Systems

Over 140 disasters devastated the Asia-Pacific region in 2022. These disasters claimed more than 7,500 lives and impacted 64 million people. The numbers highlight why anticipatory action is vital for South Asian nations. The region faces unprecedented challenges in disaster management, with projected yearly losses reaching USD 1 trillion under a 2°C warming scenario.

CLIMATE RESILIENCE

Imran Jakhro

4/1/202518 min read

a group of people sitting around a large round table

We have a long way to go, but we can build on this progress. Eight South Asian countries now have clear pathways toward national anticipatory action frameworks. The first South Asia Dialog Platform brought together more than 80 participants from the region who showed steadfast dedication to building strong anticipatory action systems. A 2024 mapping exercise revealed that 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific region now use various anticipatory action approaches. These countries have completed or are developing 137 systems.

This piece shows how South Asian nations are deepening their commitment to anticipatory action systems. It looks at the frameworks, technologies, and shared approaches that reshape disaster response in the region.

Evolution of Anticipatory Action Frameworks in South Asia

South Asian nations have always dealt with many natural hazards like floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis. The risks have grown due to quick urbanization, environmental damage, and climate change. Disasters now happen more often and cost more. This reality has led to a complete rethinking of disaster management in the region.

From Reactive to Proactive: The Fundamental Change

South Asian countries now see they must move away from just providing relief after disasters. They need a strategy that reduces risks and builds resilience beforehand. This fundamental change goes beyond new terminology. It completely reshapes how and when we step in during disaster situations.

The region used to focus only on recovery after disasters. Evidence has showed that taking action before hazards strike can reduce damage and costs by a lot. This move toward early action picked up speed in 2015. The World Food Program (WFP) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies led the way in this new approach.

Early action will prevent or reduce disaster effects before they hit hard or cause severe damage. Some examples include:

Moving people and livestock before floods arrive
Getting healthcare systems ready for heatwaves
Giving out heatwave kits with water bottles and umbrellas
Setting up temporary cooling spots where people can gather safely

This approach needs four vital elements: hazard forecasting, preparedness planning, flexible pre-agreed financing, and strong coordination. Modern hazard prediction models use historical data and live analysis with weather forecasts to predict events with 70-80% accuracy.

Key Milestones in Regional Early Action Growth

The path to complete early action systems in South Asia has seen many important changes. These developments now drive the current momentum across the region.

Pakistan's early action program started as a pilot in early 2019. Welthungerhilfe Pakistan launched it with START Network's funding. The WFP has run early action programs in Nepal since 2015, working with the government, UN agencies, and civil society.

Bangladesh made huge progress in coordination during 2020-2021. What started with a few groups in 2015 grew to approximately 30 organizations involved in early action efforts by 2020. The government asked these organizations to create common triggers for cyclones and floods. This led to two special working groups in 2021.

Pakistan set up its Technical Working Group on Early Action in 2022. A year later, it held its first National Dialog Platform. The National Disaster Management Authority published "Anticipation Actions in Disaster Management: A Comprehensive Guide" in 2024.

The progress faced some bumps along the way. Bangladesh struggled in 2015 when it first started early action work. People didn't agree on what the approach meant or where it fit - whether in preparedness or long-term disaster risk reduction.

The first South Asia Dialog Platform marked a vital milestone. It brought key players together to tackle challenges in national frameworks. The event proved how powerful multi-sector teamwork and regional knowledge sharing can be.

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has helped scale up early action through coordinated frameworks. These combine pre-agreed triggers, activities, and financing. OCHA also tracks evidence and lessons from each framework through clear monitoring plans.

The direction looks clear now. Single-agency projects are becoming complete national frameworks. This move shows that early action is becoming part of standard practice. South Asian nations now build early action into their policies and rules. This creates better and more lasting disaster management systems.

National Framework Development: Country-Specific Approaches

South Asian governments are creating national frameworks to put anticipatory action into practice based on their specific risk situations. Each country takes its own path to scale these systems up. They base their approach on how they govern, what disasters they face, and their current disaster management setup.

Bangladesh's Unified Flood Protocol Implementation

Bangladesh leads the way with standard approaches through its National Harmonized Early Action Protocol (NEAP) for monsoon riverine floods. This protocol, just two years old, shows how far the country has come in making anticipatory action part of its system since 2015. The NEAP helps all stakeholders work together - government ministries, the Department of Disaster Management, technical agencies, and humanitarian organizations. They can now take action as one team across the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Basin.

The Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief runs the national anticipatory action program. The Flood Forecasting and Warning Center creates forecasts and decides when to act. This team approach replaced separate agency protocols. Now, the National Taskforce on Forecast-based Financing/Action manages one coordinated system.

The protocol showed its value in July 2024. The IFRC Disaster Response Emergency Fund gave CHF 259,432 to Bangladesh's Red Crescent Society to act early against monsoon floods.

Pakistan's NDMA-Led Coordination Mechanism

Pakistan built a reliable system for anticipatory action through its National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The NDMA released "Anticipation Actions in Disaster Management: A Complete Guide" in 2024. They also set up the National Coordination Forum on Anticipatory Action to bring different groups together.

The Forum has five main groups:

Triggers (co-chaired by Welthungerhilfe)
Anticipatory action (co-chaired by FAO)
Policy, financing and institutionalization (co-chaired by WFP)
Learning and evidence (co-chaired by Pakistan Red Crescent Society and German Red Cross)
Coordination (co-chaired by OCHA)

Lt. General Inam Haider Malik spoke at the Forum's first meeting in August 2024. He stressed that "an anticipatory approach to disaster risk management is a critical pillar for increasing preparedness and response capabilities". The NDMA also shares knowledge with Bangladesh, Nepal, Turkiye, and other countries. They showcase Pakistan's own state-of-the-art disasters early warning hub—the National Emergencies Operation Center (NEOC).

Nepal's Integration with Disaster Risk Financing Strategy

Nepal has moved forward in adding anticipatory action to its disaster risk management system. The country switched from reacting to planning ahead and opened the Anticipatory Action Clinic in October 2024. This hub brings together government tiers, NGOs, UN agencies, and private sector groups to work as one team.

The clinic sits within the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority (NDRRMA) under the Ministry of Home Affairs. In January 2025, it hosted the first meeting to create Nepal's national anticipatory action framework and roadmap for 2025-2027. The NDRRMA created a team with members from nine ministries and government departments to guide this work.

Nepal already includes anticipatory action in key national plans. These include the National Disaster Risk Financing Strategy from 2020 and guidelines on shock-responsive social protection. They also link social protection programs with anticipatory action. This helps them find people who need help most by using data from federal, provincial, and local levels.

Sri Lanka's Rapid Progress in Technical Working Groups

Sri Lanka may be new to anticipatory action, but they're moving fast to set up coordination systems. The Disaster Management Center created the National Anticipatory Action Working Group in March 2025. Major General (Retd.) Udaya Herath led its first meeting.

The working group brings together government agencies, UN organizations, research groups, and NGOs. The Disaster Management Center leads the secretariat with FAO helping to run things. They coordinate anticipatory action efforts, set local trigger points, and approve protocols for different disasters.

The first meeting set plans to create a national framework, roadmap, and basic technical standards. They split the work into three sub-groups: (1) Forecasting and triggers, (2) Anticipatory action operations, learning and evidence, and (3) Coordination, policy, financing and institutionalization. They also made four groups to focus on specific disasters: floods, landslides, drought, and health issues.

Technical Infrastructure for Early Warning Systems

South Asia's anticipatory action systems depend on reliable technical infrastructure that makes timely decision-making possible. The region has boosted its ability to monitor, forecast, and communicate hazards before they strike through new investments in early warning technologies.

Impact-Based Forecasting Technologies

Impact-based forecasting (IBF) marks a move from traditional weather forecasting to predicting what weather events mean for communities and infrastructure. The South Asia Hydromet Forum (SAHF) wrapped up a key workshop on IBF and Climate Services in January 2025. They created a regional toolkit to support IBF system design and sustainability. This approach helps the region better predict hazard effects and allocate resources, building on what previous SAHF meetings achieved.

The Indian Meteorological Department now releases daily impact-based forecasting bulletins for cyclones, floods, heat, and cold waves. IBF implementation comes with its challenges. Forecasters must combine data about potential weather conditions and their effects on communities and infrastructure.

SAHF runs an ongoing platform—the Forecasters Forum—where hydromet professionals talk about new models and data. They share expertise and support consensus forecasting. This shared approach boosts quality, accuracy, and usefulness through regional views and combined skills. Regional cooperation helps countries keep up with fast-moving technology and advance toward impact-based forecast delivery.

Data Integration Challenges in Mountainous Regions

South Asia's mountainous terrain creates major obstacles for early warning systems. These challenges include:

Hard-to-install infrastructure in high-altitude spots
Power requirements for monitoring equipment
Precision, calibration, and maintenance issues that affect data reliability
Problems with standardization across transboundary data sharing platforms

Nepal has made progress in improving its early warning systems. Setting up and maintaining weather stations, sensor networks, and data centers in high mountain areas needs substantial investment. Nepal's hundreds of local languages make communication harder—SMS alerts only come in Nepali, which many communities can't understand.

Experts suggest using hybrid energy systems with renewable sources like solar panels and hydropower to solve power problems in remote areas. Batteries and inverters help deal with irregular power supply. Both tech and non-tech solutions must work together to overcome these integration challenges.

Mobile Alert Systems for Last-Mile Communities

Mobile alerts save lives across South Asia. Nepal's Department of Hydrology and Meteorology sent 13 million SMS alerts to at-risk communities in 2022, up from 3.5 million in 2019. Nepal Telecom and Ncell offer these SMS alerts to their subscribers for free.

USAID funds the "Strengthening Last Mile Communication" initiative, which RIMES implements. The program builds climate resilience in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It connects decision-support tools with community needs through custom early action plans and warning services.

Nepal's early warning systems aren't available to all vulnerable groups, especially people with disabilities. Communication should use various formats—audio, visual, text, and other messages. These should go out through radio, TV, phone calls, news sites, social media, and face-to-face talks.

Studies show that better telephone and wireless internet access has substantially improved Nepal's early warning systems. The Department of Hydrology and Meteorology has modernized its stations since 2007. They've switched from manual observations to automatic data recording and transmission using mobile technology.

Using multiple ways to spread information and building backup systems helps reach as many people as possible before disasters strike. Tech advances help, but community involvement in designing, implementing, and managing these systems remains vital for success and sustainability.

Pre-Arranged Financing Mechanisms for Anticipatory Action

Financial resources remain the biggest problem in implementing anticipatory action across South Asia. The success of anticipatory action depends on three things: pre-agreed triggers, pre-arranged financing, and pre-agreed activities. Right now, anticipatory humanitarian action receives less than one percent of humanitarian funding.

Government Budget Allocation Models

South Asian national governments now combine anticipatory action smoothly into their fiscal planning frameworks. Mongolia used state emergency reserves to fund dzud (severe winter) anticipatory actions in 2022/23. This shows how governments can apply funding directly. The Philippines has proposed the "Declaration of State of Imminent Disaster Act" to make government financing official for anticipatory measures.

Several countries now use advanced allocation methods based on risk profiles. The 15th Finance Commission Report in India suggested a new way to distribute resources among states. They look at hazard occurrence, population exposure, area coverage, vulnerability, and disaster management capacity. This risk-based allocation helps direct funding where anticipatory action works best.

National disaster risk financing strategies help countries evaluate and select the right financing tools. These strategies let governments understand the coverage types and amounts needed to make use of information from pre-arranged financing options.

Innovative Risk Transfer Instruments

The region uses four main pre-arranged financing tools, backed by multilateral development banks and bilateral donors:

Contingent disaster loans make up most pre-arranged financing (68.3% of reported coverage in 2023). The funding gets approved beforehand and releases when specific conditions occur.
Climate resilient debt clauses pause debt payments temporarily when preset climate events happen.
Catastrophe insurance pools risks effectively. Thailand uses the "Rice Disaster Relief Top-up Crop Insurance Scheme" to add to government compensation.
Catastrophe bonds move natural disaster insurance risks to capital markets. South Asia hasn't adopted these widely yet.

Regional risk-pooling facilities work economically. The Pacific Catastrophe Risk Insurance Pilot protects island nations up to USD 100 million against earthquakes, tsunamis, and tropical cyclones. South Asian countries now look into similar approaches to share risk and lower premium costs.

Donor Coordination for Sustainable Funding

Donor governments help make anticipatory action a vital part of disaster management. OCHA helps expand anticipatory action through coordinated frameworks that use pre-agreed triggers, activities, and financing. Better coordination between disaster risk financing tools at global, regional, and country levels creates an integrated system.

Today, donor funding (49%) and agencies' own funds (17%) support anticipatory action systems. Only Timor-Leste reported using climate financing. These systems run on agencies' own funds (26%) and pooled funds like OCHA CERF and START Ready (24%).

Donor governments should think about these steps to create lasting financing:

Using current humanitarian funding flexibly for anticipatory needs
Supporting coordination between financing tools
Adding more money to humanitarian pooled funds
Giving more resources to local and national responders

Pre-arranged financing reached USD 9.80 billion in 2023. Middle-income countries received most of this money, while low-income nations got just 3.2%. South Asian countries must develop national financing frameworks that guarantee steady funding for anticipatory action, possibly within current disaster preparedness funds.

Cross-Border Collaboration on Shared Hazards

Natural disasters don't respect national borders in South Asia. This reality demands strong partnerships between countries to take action before disasters strike. The region's shared rivers, mountains, and ecosystems have led nations to create joint systems that tackle risks together.

Transboundary River Basin Management

The major Himalayan river systems of South Asia - the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra basins - flow through seven countries and support over a billion people. The region has more than 20 main rivers that cross borders, but lacks complete regional institutions for water cooperation. Several two-country agreements exist instead. These include the 1960 Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, the 1996 Ganges Water Sharing Treaty between Bangladesh and India, and the 1996 Mahakali Treaty between India and Nepal.

Programs like the Transboundary Rivers of South Asia (TROSA) now encourage better cooperation. This four-year regional program (2023-2026), led by Oxfam Novib with Swedish funding, focuses on the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basins across Nepal, Bhutan, India, and Bangladesh. TROSA wants to help riverside communities make informed decisions, practice green livelihoods, and build climate resilience.

Regional Data Sharing Protocols

Limited information sharing across borders holds back many early action systems. To cite an instance, flood-prone communities in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh can't use Nepal's SMS alerts despite facing similar hazards. Nepal's telecom providers send these alerts exclusively. Similarly, Nepali communities receive no early warnings from China about the Bhotekoshi watershed, even though part of it flows through Tibet.

Immediate data sharing between countries can improve early action for floods, droughts, and other hazards. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) offers a platform to share information about preventing, preparing for, and managing natural disasters. SAARC's Disaster Management Center helps organizations involved in reducing disaster risks exchange knowledge through networks of national contacts.

Joint Simulation Exercises

Practice exercises have become crucial tools to strengthen cross-border early action. WHO's South-East Asia Regional Office ran "Exercise PanPRET-2," a multi-country simulation in New Delhi during October 2024. Participants from several countries worked through a fictional scenario to test regional coordination, joint risk assessment, and recovery strategies after outbreaks.

Pakistan's National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) hosted a joint Simulation Exercise (SimEx) about Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in September 2024. The exercise studied cases from both the Badswat GLOF in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan, and the Imja Glacier in Khumjung, Nepal. Representatives from Nepal, Bhutan, and Pakistan shared their best disaster management practices actively.

These exercises reveal strengths and opportunities to boost national early action plans while building strong cross-border coordination. They pave the way for more complete regional exercises planned for 2025-2027, showing South Asia's steadfast dedication to proactive disaster management.

Policy Integration and Institutional Arrangements

Legal frameworks serve as the foundation for successful anticipatory action systems in South Asia. These frameworks allow governments to build proactive approaches into their existing disaster management systems. When anticipatory action becomes part of laws and policies, these activities become required rather than optional.

Embedding Anticipatory Action in National Disaster Laws

Legal provisions help speed up decision-making before disasters strike and lead to faster early actions. Bangladesh took a major step in 2019 by adding forecast-based-financing systems to its disaster management guidelines. This change lets emergency teams position supplies ahead of time and makes sure funds are ready before disasters hit.

Pakistan made similar progress with its "Anticipation Actions in Disaster Management: A Detailed Guide" in 2024. The guide helps standardize anticipatory approaches nationwide and outlines core building blocks and ways to work together.

Sri Lanka's Technical Working Group on Anticipatory Action, which started in February, now explores ways to connect with current legal frameworks. Nepal has created a roadmap to review its disaster plans and find better ways to include anticipatory action.

Coordination Between Technical Agencies and Decision-Makers

The region faces big challenges with coordination. Many countries struggle with weak coordination in their anticipatory action work, which leads to inefficient teamwork and sometimes duplicate efforts.

New systems are emerging to fix these issues:

National Coordination Forums: Pakistan's new forum, led by NDMA, guides the coordination of anticipatory frameworks and triggered actions
Technical Working Groups: Sri Lanka's group brings together government agencies, UN organizations, research groups, and NGOs under the Disaster Management Center's leadership
Thematic Sub-committees: These groups focus on specific areas like triggers, policy, financing, and learning

Communities must have a voice in these decisions. Their participation in planning and implementation has become a right, not just an option. This requires better ways to involve and represent local voices.

OCHA leads efforts to expand anticipatory action through coordinated frameworks that combine pre-agreed triggers, activities, and funding. These projects happen through partnerships between OCHA, national governments, UN agencies, the Red Cross family, and NGOs.

South Asia shows how careful policy integration and smart institutional arrangements build lasting foundations for anticipatory action systems that can handle political shifts and competing priorities.

Measuring Effectiveness of Anticipatory Action Systems

Evidence-based anticipatory action has become the life-blood of South Asia's disaster management rise. Governments and humanitarian organizations are expanding these systems, and rigorous measurement methods help confirm investments and improve approaches.

Cost-Benefit Analysis Methodologies

The Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) stands out as the key metric to calculate anticipatory action value. Analysis of ten interventions showed mostly positive BCRs, reaching up to 7.1. Ethiopia and Mongolia saw $1 investments in anticipatory action create over $7 in avoided losses and extra benefits for recipients. This method relies on structured interviews with beneficiary and control households that use counterfactuals to determine outcomes.

BCRs capture many benefits beyond direct economic returns:

Reduced livestock mortality (equivalent to four cattle per household in Mongolia)
Increased milk production (almost one additional liter daily in Kenya)
Prevention of debt cycles with high interest rates (up to 15% in the Philippines)

Method-related challenges continue, including debates about suitable counterfactuals—whether anticipatory action should be measured against no action, early response, or late response.

Impact Assessment Frameworks

Impact assessments track household welfare improvements beyond economic measures. Bangladesh's forecast-based cash transfer recipients faced less malnutrition during 2017 floods. Food security measurements consistently show positive results—Afghanistan's households with acceptable food consumption jumped from 6% to over 50% after interventions.

Results vary across different measurement approaches and intervention settings. Recent frameworks look beyond livelihood effects to measure how anticipatory action prevents deaths and suffering.

Learning from Activation Successes and Failures

The anticipatory action community openly shares both wins and setbacks to improve future results. Nepal's implementation faced delays from contextual factors until about two weeks after peak flooding. Notwithstanding that, this response beat conventional humanitarian assistance timing.

Close monitoring systems now track common issues: delayed funding transfers, late action implementation, and insufficient intervention scale. The Start Network discovered uncertainty often becomes the "ultimate stumbling block" in decision-making.

Organizations now emphasize simulation exercises and system testing before actual hazards strike. Teams can refine protocols, spot gaps, and ensure everything works under real-event conditions.

Future Directions for Anticipatory Action Hub Development

South Asian countries are shaping their shared vision of anticipatory action through state-of-the-art technology sharing and successful pilot programs. This forward-thinking approach will transform standalone projects into detailed regional systems by 2027.

2025-2027 Regional Strategy Implementation

The Asia-Pacific Technical Working Group on Anticipatory Action (TWGAA) has created a detailed five-year roadmap (2023-2027). The roadmap stands on five essential pillars:

Risk Analysis, Forecasts, and Triggers
Identification, Planning, and Testing of Actions
Financing for Anticipatory Action
Evidence Generation, Advocacy, and Learning
Law and Policy, Institutionalization, and Coordination

The roadmap emerged from detailed consultations between May and July 2023 with TWGAA members and National Anticipatory Action Technical Working Groups. The group wants to encourage collective work that integrates anticipatory approaches into disaster risk management across the region. TWGAA schedules quarterly "All-in" meetings to establish feedback systems that capture national groups' needs and reflect ground-level challenges in roadmap activities.

Technology Transfer Between Countries

Data sharing across borders remains vital for effective anticipatory action throughout South Asia. Direct government collaboration could solve these problems and save millions of lives in downstream river regions in India, Nepal, and China. South Asian countries are developing standard data-sharing procedures and platforms among all SAARC countries to fill regional data gaps.

Joint technology projects between South Asian nations can attract more international investment and create regional innovation hubs for climate solutions. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation now connects physical science and citizen science through diplomatic channels.

Scaling from Pilots to Nationwide Coverage

WFP has achieved remarkable success in scaling anticipatory action. They now reach 350,000 people five days before predicted floods in Bangladesh through mobile money and early warning messaging. Their Nepal program helps 178,000 people with cash transfers and early warning alerts three days before predicted floods.

Regular simulations help refine protocols, spot potential gaps, and ensure systems work effectively under real conditions. National frameworks have become crucial tools to institutionalize anticipatory action in each country. These frameworks improve coordination between stakeholders of all types and ensure efforts complement rather than compete with each other.

Final Openion

South Asian nations have made impressive progress by reshaping their disaster management through anticipatory action systems. These developments save millions of lives and reduce disaster-related economic losses by a lot across the region.

Recent achievements show we have come far. Eight South Asian countries now follow clear paths toward national anticipatory action frameworks. Bangladesh has created a unified flood protocol. Pakistan leads with its NDMA coordination system. Nepal has integrated disaster risk financing into its approach. These country-specific solutions are working well. The technical infrastructure has improved to enable precise impact-based forecasting. However, mountainous regions still face challenges with last-mile communication.

Budget-friendly financing keeps growing through new tools like contingent disaster loans and catastrophe insurance. Current humanitarian funding remains limited, but governments are building sustainable funding models. Countries work better together through joint exercises and share data protocols. This cooperation becomes vital when dealing with shared river basins and mountain ecosystems.

The Asia-Pacific Technical Working Group's five-year roadmap will help integrate anticipatory approaches deeper into the region. Anyone interested in working together or needing technical guidance can reach out at Contact@imranahmed.tech.

The momentum and proven results suggest anticipatory action systems will become standard practice in South Asia by 2027. This change goes beyond better disaster response. It shows how proactive, coordinated approaches build lasting resilience against climate-related challenges.

FAQs

Q1. What are the key components of anticipatory action systems? Anticipatory action systems typically consist of pre-agreed triggers based on risk information and forecasts, pre-arranged financing mechanisms, and pre-planned early actions. These components work together to enable timely interventions before disasters strike.

Q2. How are South Asian countries collaborating on anticipatory action? South Asian nations are collaborating through regional platforms like the South Asia Dialog Platform, joint simulation exercises, and data-sharing initiatives. They are also working on transboundary river basin management and establishing cross-border early warning systems.

Q3. What role does technology play in anticipatory action? Technology is crucial for anticipatory action, enabling impact-based forecasting, mobile alert systems, and data integration. Countries are investing in early warning technologies and exploring innovative solutions to overcome challenges in mountainous regions and last-mile communication.

Q4. How is anticipatory action being financed in South Asia? Financing for anticipatory action in South Asia comes from various sources, including government budget allocations, donor funding, and innovative risk transfer instruments like contingent disaster loans and catastrophe insurance. Countries are working on developing sustainable funding models.

Q5. What are the future directions for anticipatory action in South Asia? Future directions include implementing the 2025-2027 regional strategy, enhancing technology transfer between countries, and scaling successful pilot projects to nationwide coverage. The goal is to integrate anticipatory approaches into disaster risk management across the region by 2027.

References

How to Build Drought Triggers for Anticipatory Action – A Step-by-Step Guide

Before designing your own triggers, check out how to implement anticipatory response effectively and how early warning systems have reduced heatwave deaths. You may also want to review how to design indicators for anticipatory response.